Státnice z anglické filologie – negace (morfologie a syntax)
Zpracovaná otázka z anglické filologie na Univerzitě Palackého v Olomouci s následujícím zadáním:
Morphology and syntax of negation in English and Czech, Scope of negation, Lexical, partial and sentential negation, Single/ multiple negation, Polarity items, Negative adverbs)
CZ: negative unit = ne
- EN: negative unit = no + not
- CZ + EN negative quantifiers: nobody, nowhere, no-
CZ – agreement in negation
- negation is not only with verb
- ne – can stay with lexical verb
EN – one negation
- Not can only stay with modal/auxiliary
Negation
1. lexical negation
- negation is with word not with sentence,
- -free, -less + un-, dis-
2. sentence negation
- negating verbal predicate
3. partial
- before other members than a verb
- in CZ -> always partial negation
- in EN a) partial e.g. I cook but not the every day b) negate the whole sentence e.g. Not a single star could be seen
Polarity items
In English there are 2 ways how to express negations
1. positive verb + negative quantifier
2. negative verb + positive quantifier
- tend to placed as close to the beginning of a sentence as possible (-> Nobody is there; not There wasn’t anybody)
- polarity items beginning with no- are more formal
double negation
1. grammatical + lexical – e.g. if it isn’t unreasonable
2. 2 grammatical negations but each for different predictions – e.g. He doesn’t like doing nothing
3. 2 grammatical negations for 1 predication – e.g. Nobody has never got into trouble
Negative adverbs
- Hardly, barely, seldom, only
- Formally they are positive but have negative meaning
- How do we know the meaning is negative? Thanks to tag questions and inversion
Scope of negation
- Over the whole clause
- Some words can stop the scope of negation, e.g. just -> I don’t talk to just nobody