Lexikologie
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Zpracované otázky z anglické filologie část lexikologie na Univerzitě Palackého v Olomouci.
Státnice z anglické filologie - lexikologie (lexicology)
Leikologie (Lexicology)
Sources of words in English (word-formation: types of word-formative processes and their manifestation in English and in Czech, borrowing into English over time)
Lexikologie
- The rules by which are words constructed help us to recognize heir grammatical class
- Word formation has limited productivity (after we apply the rules not all words acceptable)
- The rules themselves undergo changes as well
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Anglická lexikologie - zpracovaná otázka
Anglická lexikologie – zpracovaná otázka
Changes of lexical meaning (widening, narrowing, deterioriation/pejoration, amelioration/elevation, euphemism; literal and figurative meaning, transfer of meaning, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, folk etymology, faux amis)
Vocabulary
- Grows by absorbing new words or by giving new additional meaning to the existing ones; the old meaning or the old word is sometimes replaced by the new one, but very often they coexist and so the word can become polysemic
Processes
1. widening
- shift from animal to the adult, e.g. bird, pig used to refer only to offspring X now it?s a general term
- shift from particular specie to the animal in general, e.g. dog was originally a special breed (the general term used to be a hound)
- shift from a smaller object to the larger one – box was originally only a small container
- shift from lexical to grammatical meaning, e.g. ‘have’ used to have only lexical meaning X now it has also grammatical (perfect tenses)
- other shifts: ‘ready’ used tom mean only ‘ready for a ride’
2. narrowing
- a general term stopped being a general term and refers to a race or breed only
- deer – originally: all animals X now: vysoká
- fowl – or: all birds X now: only water fowl
- hound – or: all dogs X now: dogs for hunting
3. deterioration
- terms which developed in a negative way (usually ethnic terms)
- cunning – originally: leading X now: cunning as a fox (lstivý)
- villain – or: a man of a low social class X now: antihero (padouch)
- propaganda or: spreading news X now zkreslené informace
4. amelioration
- terms which developed in a positive way
- duke – used to meant ‘leader’
- luxury – used to meant ‘extravagance’
- nice – used to meant ‘ignorant’
5. transfer
- a degree of similarity between two denotations
- a) metaphor – a transfer of meaning on the basis of exterior feature, the similarity may involve:
- I. shape – mouth (mouth of a person + of the river)
- II. colour – chocolate
- III. function – hand
- IV. mount – drop
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Lexikologie - anglická filologie
Lexikologie – anglická filologie
Vocabulary as a system (centre, periphery, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations in the lexicon; collocations, idioms, clichés; polysemy, homonymy (homograph, homophone); synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, hyperonymy; lexical subsystems, semantic fields). Types of dictionaries.
Vocabulary
- Grows by absorbing new words or by giving new additional meaning to the existing ones; the old meaning or the old word is sometimes replaced by the new one, but very often they coexist
Centre
- Words with very high frequency and stability
- Majority are nouns
Periphery
- Words limited in frequency
- 1. archaism – extra linguistic reality has changed ? highway man X robber; they are sometimes surviving in phrases, e.g. Merry Christmas X gay, cheerful
- 2. dated voc – schoolmaster replaced by teacher
- 3. emotional words – top hole
- 4. neologism – every 10 years a new generation of words enter the vocabulary, e.g. in 1980s in was the word yuppie
- 5. nonce words – words created by a writer, e.g. whiskey, pábitelé
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Lexikologie - anglická filologie
Lexikologie – anglická filologie
Lexical meaning and its analysis (word, word form, lexeme, lexical unit; onomasiology, semasiology; concept, denotation, connotation, reference, components of meaning / seme, sememe; ambiguity vs vagueness; word as a sign, arbitrariness, iconicity, motivation, onomatopoeia, sound symbolism)
Lexical meaning
Extra linguistic reality
- its main feature and characteristic is vagueness X ambiguity = e.g. red can in English mean red colour (the opposite of blue), the colour of Soviet flag, the colour of hair, to contrast it with Czech: červená, rudá, zrzavé -> red is polysemy
Concept
- human perceiving of extra linguistic reality, changes with the development of knowledge
Motivation
- Sort of iconicity
a) constructional iconicity majority of words have constructional iconicity , e.g. noun’s plural
b) Irregularity – e.g. man->men
- Motivation of vocabulary is partly clear – suffixes, prefixes
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D5 Creation